BIOBOX

Proteins, made of amino acids, are vital for growth, repair, and metabolism. The Biuret test detects proteins by reacting copper ions with peptide bonds, turning the reagent from blue to violet if proteins are present.

Lipids provide energy and build cell structures. In the Ethanol Emulsion Test, lipids dissolve in ethanol but turn cloudy white when mixed with water—indicating their presence in food samples.

Microbes like bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses are tiny organisms. Some cause diseases, but many help in digestion, nutrient cycling, and food production. For example, Lactobacillus converts milk into curd. Testing curd formation at different temperatures shows how microbes work and their importance.

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Stomata are tiny openings on leaf surfaces that let carbon dioxide in, release oxygen, and control water loss through transpiration. Studying them helps us understand how plants breathe and balance water, and how they adapt to reduce water loss while maximizing gas exchange.

Plants make their food through photosynthesis using carbon dioxide, water, sunlight, and minerals, releasing oxygen as a by-product. Though the internal process is hard to observe, a simple experiment can show how leaves use carbon dioxide during photosynthesis.

Green plants make food by photosynthesis using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide. Leaf pigments like chlorophyll and carotene absorb light energy and can be separated using paper chromatography.

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Microbes are tiny, invisible organisms found everywhere. To observe them, swabs from various surfaces (like tables, screens, or fingers) can be placed on agar plates, where visible colonies grow after a few days. A control plate without any swab is used to check for contamination.

Food contains nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. Starch, a common carbohydrate in foods like rice, potatoes, and bread, provides energy. To test for starch, add iodine solution — if starch is present, it turns blue-black.

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Seeds are nature’s tiny packets of life. Each seed contains a baby plant (embryo), stored food, and a protective coat.
When placed in suitable conditions, a seed begins to sprout into a new plant. This process is called germination. It
depends on external conditions that affect the time it takes for a seed to germinate and become a complete plant.

Plants make food by photosynthesis using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide, releasing oxygen. In the floating leaf disc experiment, leaf discs rise as oxygen forms, showing how light and carbon dioxide affect photosynthesis.